Homeschool Enrollment by Year in the US (1999–2025)

Homeschool enrollment by year in the United States is not one number. It is several series that answer different questions.

How many homeschoolers were there in 2019? The federal household survey counted 1,457,000 students, or 2.8 percent of K–12 age children. How many in 2020? Census pulse put homeschooling at 5.4 percent of households with school-age children that spring, then 11.1 percent that fall. Independent estimates put the student count near 2.6 million in March 2020 and 3.721 million in 2020 – 21.

Older homeschooling statistics by year show a long climb before that spike. Historical homeschool numbers run from about 13,000 in the late 1970s to 850,000 in 1999. The federal count then rose to 1,096,000 in 2003, 1,520,000 in 2007, and 1,773,000 in 2012. It slipped to 1,690,000 in 2016 and 1,457,000 in 2019.

After buildings reopened, the headcount did not return to 2019. A 2021–22 synthesis put homeschoolers at 3.135 million. The 2022–23 federal homeschool-only rate was 3.4 percent, or about 1.8 million students. A February 2026 blend of state files and pulse data estimated 3.408 million K–12 homeschoolers in 2024 – 25, or 6.262 percent of school – age children.

School offices felt that shift before the tables did. A district clerk who spent August 2020 calling about bus routes spent October filing homeschool affidavits. A co-op that once ran one algebra section added a second because the 2020 cohort did not go back.

Homeschool Enrollment by Year at a Glance

U.S. homeschooling grew slowly for two decades, spiked in 2020–21, gave some of that back, then rose again.

• Homeschooling is legal in every state, and by the early 2000s every state allowed some form of parent-directed home instruction.
• On the long-running federal household education survey, the national homeschool share of K–12-age students sat between 2 percent and 3.4 percent from 1999 through 2019.
• That same federal survey put the 2022–23 homeschool rate at 3.4 percent of K–12 students, matching the 2012 peak on that instrument.
• Parents also reported that 5.2 percent of children ages 5–17 received academic instruction at home in 2022–23 when full-time virtual school is bundled with homeschool, up from 3.7 percent in 2018–19.
• Another 1.8 percent of K–12 students sat in full-time virtual public or private schools in 2022–23 whose parents did not call them homeschooled, up from 0.86 percent in 2018–19.
• A separate Census household pulse series, averaged across 2023–24 collection weeks, put the child-level homeschool share near 5.92 percent, after 5.82 percent in 2022–23.
• State-reported homeschool counts available for 2024–25 rose at an average 4.9 percent, more than double the roughly 2 percent pre-pandemic annual pace on those files.
• About 80 percent of states that had posted 2024–25 figures showed a year-over-year increase, and more than a third of those states posted their highest homeschool totals on record.

Why Federal State and Survey Counts Do Not Match

Homeschool totals disagree because the surveys do not count the same children.

• The federal Parent and Family Involvement survey runs every three to four years, asks a parent about one sampled child, and treats a student as homeschooled only if the child is not in a public or private school more than about 24–25 hours a week and is not home only for a short illness.
• The 2023 wave of that survey completed questionnaires for 19,562 students and weighted them to about 53 million K–12-age children.
• Census pulse questionnaires are experimental, fielded in short windows, and often report the share of households with a homeschooled child rather than the share of students, so a 11 percent household figure is not the same object as a 3 percent student figure.
• Early 2020 pulse rounds mixed remote public-school days with homeschool until the question was rewritten to say homeschool meant “not enrolled in a public or private school.”
• State education agencies only see families who must file a notice, affidavit, or umbrella-school enrollment; states that do not require annual notice are missing from those ledgers.
• Some state rolls are sticky. North Carolina’s homeschool registration file is widely treated as an overcount risk because aged-out students are not always purged.
• Researcher blends that average pulse results with a few dozen state files produce national shares near 6 percent in the mid-2020s, which is a different cut from the federal household survey’s 3.4 percent homeschool-only rate for 2022–23.
• Compare a series to itself. Do not average the federal student rate and the pulse household rate into one fake “true” number.

Historical Homeschool Numbers 1970s to 1999

Before the federal survey, homeschooling was a small, reconstructed count.

• Late-1970s reconstructions put U.S. homeschoolers near 13,000.
• By 1983 those reconstructions had risen to about 50,000.
• By 1990 the working estimate was about 300,000.
• The first comparable federal household survey, fielded in 1999, counted 850,000 homeschooled students ages 5–17 in K–12 equivalents, or 1.7 percent.
• That 1999 count is the baseline later federal tables use when they say homeschooling roughly doubled over the next decade-plus.
• North Carolina first recognized home schools as nonpublic schools in 1985–86; the state file shows 6,947 students by 1992–93 and 21,500 by 1998–99.
• Those state ledgers rose every year through the 1990s in the states that kept them, even while national survey work was still thin.
• Homeschooling in this period was still a small slice of K–12. Private schools enrolled several million more students than home-based instruction did.

Homeschool Enrollment in 2003 2007 and 2012

Federal counts crossed one million, then approached two million.

• 2003: 1,096,000 homeschooled students, 2.2 percent of the K–12-age group.
• 2007: 1,520,000 students, 3.0 percent.
• 2012: 1,773,000 students, 3.4 percent, the high-water mark on the federal household series until the 2020s.
• From 1999 to 2012 the federal count a little more than doubled, a gain of about 923,000 students.
• The 2012 male count on that survey was 875,000 (3.3 percent of boys); girls were also near 3 percent, so the rise was not a one-sex story.
• State files compiled across 26–33 states for 2010–11 through 2012–13 show net annual additions on the order of 2,000 to 21,000 students in the reporting group, with most of those states still growing.
• Assigned public-school share fell over the same long window as homeschool and chosen public options rose; the 2016 federal school-choice report put assigned public enrollment at 69 percent, down from 74 percent in 1999.
• Growth in this stretch was steady, not explosive. The jump that later looked like a new sector arrived in 2020.

Homeschool Enrollment in 2016 and 2019

The federal series stalled, then slipped, just before the pandemic.

• 2016: 1,690,000 students, 3.3 percent, statistically flat against 2012 on the federal survey.
• 2019: 1,457,000 students, 2.8 percent, lower than the 2012 share.
• The 2016 racial split on that survey was 3.8 percent of White students, 3.5 percent of Hispanic students, 1.9 percent of Black students, and 1.4 percent of Asian students.
• By 2019 the federal survey showed 4.0 percent of White students homeschooled, against 1.9 percent of Hispanic students and 1.2 percent of Black students.
• In 2016, students in grades 9–12 were homeschooled at 3.8 percent, versus 2.4 percent in grades 1–3.
• Parents of 2019 homeschoolers most often picked school-environment worry as their single top reason (25 percent), then academic dissatisfaction (15 percent) and religious instruction (13 percent).
• The 2019 instrument tightened the school-hour cutoff from 25 hours to 24 hours a week, so year-to-year comparisons around that wave carry a small definition change.
• The stall in 2016–2019 is the last clean pre-pandemic reading. It is also why a 2020 spike looks larger against 2019 than it would against 2012.

Homeschool Enrollment in 2020 and 2020-21

Household homeschooling doubled between spring and fall 2020 after the survey excluded public virtual school.

• Census pulse, April 23–May 5, 2020: 5.4 percent of households with school-age children said they were homeschooling.
• Same pulse, Sept. 30–Oct. 12, 2020: 11.1 percent of those households, after the question was clarified to exclude public or private virtual school.
• Black households in that pulse moved from 3.3 percent in spring 2020 to 16.1 percent in the fall, the steepest published racial jump in the series.
• Hispanic households went from 6.2 percent to 12.1 percent; Asian households from 4.9 percent to 8.8 percent; non-Hispanic White households from 5.7 percent to 9.7 percent.
• Alaska’s household rate in that window moved from 9.6 percent to 27.5 percent; Florida from 5.0 percent to 18.1 percent; Vermont from 4.1 percent to 16.9 percent; Massachusetts from 1.5 percent to 12.1 percent.
• Independent research estimates that used state files plus surveys put the student count near 2.6 million in March 2020 and 3.721 million in 2020–21.
• Among 34 states with usable year-over-year registries, homeschool participation rose in all 34 in 2020–21, a net +313,783 students, about a 39 percent jump in that reporting group.
• North Carolina’s state file went from 149,173 students in 2019–20 to 179,900 in 2020–21, then eased to 160,528 the next year, a pattern a lot of registry states repeated: a one-year spike, then a partial give-back that still left the count above 2019.

Homeschool Enrollment in 2021-22 and 2022-23

The national estimate fell off the 2020–21 peak. Most state files stayed above 2019.

• A synthesis of 14 state registries, Census pulse results, and a national parent survey put 2021–22 homeschoolers at 3.135 million, a drop of about 16 percent from the 2020–21 estimate on the same method.
• Census pulse for late March to early May 2022 assigned school-age children as 86.58 percent public, 8.20 percent private, and 5.22 percent homeschooled.
• A separate 2021–22 parent survey reading came in at 6.60 percent homeschooled, higher than the pulse student share that spring.
• State registry files for 2021–22, covering 34 states, showed a net −33,156 students, with growth in only 10 of those states (29 percent).
• The 2022–23 registry round, 30 states, posted a larger net −65,415 and growth in only 5 states (17 percent).
• The federal household survey’s 2022–23 homeschool count sits near 1.8 million students, which is the same instrument’s recovery to its 2012 headcount, not a new high.
• A district-level compilation spanning 29 states and D.C. (about 61 percent of the school-age population) translated 2019 plus later state growth into a national band of 1.9 million to 2.7 million around 2022–23.
• In that compilation, homeschool enrollment in states with comparable files rose 51 percent from 2017–18 through the early 2020s, against 7 percent private-school growth and a 4 percent public-school decline.
• 390 districts in that file had at least one homeschooler for every 10 public-school students in 2021–22, about four times the number of districts at that ratio in 2017–18.

Homeschool Enrollment in 2023-24

Registry states flipped back to growth after two down years.

• Twenty states with posted 2023–24 registries added a net 21,294 homeschool students, and 18 of those 20 states grew (90 percent).
• Only Maryland and New Hampshire still sat below their 2019–20 registry totals in 2023–24 among the states checked in that paper.
• North Dakota’s 2023–24 registry was up 24 percent year over year; Rhode Island’s published count jumped 67 percent; Wyoming’s rose 8 percent.
• Louisiana, South Carolina, and South Dakota were already being flagged as continuous-growth states with no post-reopening dip.
• New Hampshire’s 2023–24 registry drop lined up with an education savings account that recodes some home-based students out of the homeschool tally when they take public funds.
• Pulse weeks used for 2023–24 showed a national child-level homeschool share swinging between 5.20 percent and 6.91 percent depending on the collection window.
• Against 2022–23 pulse shares, Alaska was up 3.6 percentage points, Rhode Island 2.5 points, and Tennessee 1.7 points.
• The same comparison cut D.C. by 5.5 points, Hawaii by 1.7, and Maryland by 1.3.

Homeschool Enrollment in 2024-25

The latest blended national estimate is 3.4 million students, about 6.3 percent of school-age children.

• A February 2026 synthesis of 23 state files plus pulse data estimated 3.408 million K–12 homeschoolers, with a ±10 percent band of 3.067 million to 3.749 million.
• That point estimate is 6.262 percent of 54,417,758 school-age children used in the same paper.
• Census pulse for Aug. 20–Sept. 16, 2024 put school-age children at 83.016 percent public, 10.453 percent private, and 6.530 percent homeschooled.
• The unadjusted weighted mean across those 23 reporting states was 4.18 percent, which is why the authors blended state ledgers with pulse before publishing 6.262 percent.
• North Carolina’s 2024–25 file listed 165,243 students (9.47 percent of the state’s school-age population).
• Florida listed 152,871 (4.54 percent); Georgia 89,510 (4.71 percent); Virginia 62,763 (4.48 percent).
• Minnesota’s department count hit 31,216, up 7.4 percent from 2023–24, 18.1 percent from 2022–23, and 50.8 percent from the last pre-COVID year.
• South Carolina’s year-over-year registry gain was 21.5 percent, the largest published state rate in that 2024–25 round.

Homeschool Share of K-12 Students by Year

Share and headcount move on different clocks, so label the instrument before you quote a percent.

• Federal household-survey homeschool-only rates by year: 1.7 percent (1999), 2.2 (2003), 3.0 (2007), 3.4 (2012), 3.3 (2016), 2.8 (2019), then 3.4 again in 2022–23 on the homeschool question.
• Full-time virtual enrollment of any kind was 2.5 percent of K–12-age students in 2022–23; 0.7 percent of students were both virtual and labeled homeschool by the parent.
• 93 percent of enrolled or homeschooled students took no virtual courses in 2022–23; 7 percent took at least one; 3 percent took every course online.
• Pulse-style child shares after reopening cluster in a 5–6 percent band, which is the series people mean when they say homeschool “doubled” off the 2019 federal reading.
• Massachusetts administrative files, a rare state with a clean pre/post panel, show homeschool in fall 2024 still 56 percent above fall 2019 and about 50 percent above the pre-trend forecast.
• Students of color were 25 percent of homeschoolers in 1998–99 and 29 percent in 2022–23 on the federal survey, still less diverse than public school enrollment and close to the private-school mix.
• Share is not interchangeable with headcount. A stable percent can hide a falling school-age population; a rising percent can hide a smaller birth cohort.

Homeschool vs Public Private and Charter Schools

Homeschool is no longer a rounding error next to Catholic schools, and it sits near the charter sector on several 2024–25 estimates.

• Public K–12 membership in 2024–25 was 49,269,882, including 3,949,735 charter students (8.02 percent of public membership).
• Charter membership rose 98,642 students, or 2.56 percent, from 2023–24 to 2024–25.
• Private-school enrollment was estimated at 5,096,365 in 2023–24.
• Catholic schools enrolled 1.684 million in the latest association count used against the 2024–25 homeschool estimate, about half the 3.408 million homeschool figure.
• Public charter enrollment in 2023–24 was 3.784 million on the charter-alliance series, a near peer of the 3.408 million homeschool estimate rather than a multiple of it.
• Pulse for 2023–24 put public at 84.16 percent, private at 9.92 percent, and homeschool at the mid-5s; 2022–23 pulse was 84.12 / 10.06 / 5.82.
• A commercial enrollment file covering 2019–20 to 2024–25 logged public membership down 5.29 percent, Catholic down 4.32 percent, charter up 18.68 percent, and private up 15.75 percent.
• Traditional public schools still hold the large majority.

State Homeschool Enrollment Trends by Year

Most registry states grew slowly in the 2010s, spiked in 2020–21, dipped, then climbed again.

• From 2010–11 through 2019–20, the multi-state registry panel usually added between 16,000 and 48,000 students a year, with 70–82 percent of those states growing in a typical year.
• 2019–20 was already an up year (+47,956 across 33 states) before the 2020–21 spike.
• After the 2020–21 surge, two down years in the registry panel (2021–22 and 2022–23) still left most states above 2019.
• 2023–24 flipped the panel back to growth in 18 of 20 reporting states.
• North Carolina’s file after the spike: 152,717 in 2022–23, 157,642 in 2023–24, 165,243 in 2024–25.
• Florida’s 2024–25 registry (152,871) sits just above its 2021–22 mark (152,109), a flat high plateau rather than a second spike.
• Georgia’s 2021–22 count was 91,296; the 2024–25 count was 89,510, a small give-back that still leaves Georgia among the largest state files.
• States that never require an annual notice barely appear in these year-by-year ledgers, so the panel is a selected club, not a 50-state census.

Highest Homeschool Rates and Fastest Growing States

Alaska leads pulse shares. North Carolina leads large-state registry counts. South Carolina led 2024–25 growth.

• Pulse child shares for 2023–24: Alaska 16.15 percent, Tennessee 10.75 percent, Montana 9.03 percent.
• Pulse lows that year: Connecticut 3.01 percent, D.C. 3.04 percent, Massachusetts 3.39 percent.
• 2022–23 pulse leaders were Alaska 12.56 percent, Tennessee 9.02 percent, and West Virginia 8.89 percent.
• 2024–25 state registry shares (different instrument): South Dakota 7.02 percent, Arkansas 6.79 percent, Maine 6.31 percent, on top of North Carolina’s 9.47 percent.
• 2024–25 year-over-year registry gains in the double digits included Vermont 17 percent, Ohio 15 percent, New Hampshire 14.5 percent, and Maine 10.8 percent.
• Louisiana’s 2024–25 gain was only 1 percent, so “growth state” and “fast growth” are not the same claim.
• Six reporting jurisdictions posted 2024–25 declines: Delaware, D.C., Florida, Hawaii, New Mexico, and Tennessee.
• Record-high 2024–25 registry totals included Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming, plus the states that never dipped after 2020.

Race Income and Family Mix of Homeschoolers Over Time

Homeschool households now span race and income bands; the White rural stereotype does not match the tables.

• On the federal household survey, students of color were 25 percent of homeschoolers in 1998–99 and 29 percent in 2022–23, closer to the private-school mix than to public-school enrollment.
• Census pulse for 2022–23 put students of color at about 40 percent of homeschoolers, a wider definition and a different sample than the federal education survey.
• Pulse respondents with a homeschooled child in 2022–23: 60 percent non-Hispanic White, 19 percent Hispanic, 12 percent Black, 2 percent Asian, 7 percent two or more or other.
• The 2023–24 pulse slice of those same households was 63 percent White, 18 percent Hispanic, 10 percent Black, 2 percent Asian, 7 percent multiracial or other.
• Black students’ share of the homeschool population on the federal survey ran about 10 percent in 1998–99, 4 percent by 2006–07, 8 percent in 2011–12 and 2015–16, then 6 percent in both 2018–19 and 2022–23.
• Hispanic students were 15 percent of homeschoolers in 2011–12 and 26 percent in 2015–16 on that survey, which is why “the homeschooler” as a White rural type stopped matching the tables a decade ago.
• Among 2023–24 pulse homeschool households, 9 percent of parents had less than high school, 29 percent a diploma or GED, 33 percent some college or an associate degree, and 29 percent a bachelor’s or higher.
• Of homeschool households that reported income on the 2022–23 pulse, 49 percent were under $100,000 and 23 percent were over; 28 percent skipped the income item.
• Active-duty military families homeschooled at about 12 percent in 2023–24, double the civilian household rate near 6 percent, and military lifestyle surveys already showed 11–13 percent in 2018–2021.

Reasons Parents Homeschool Then and Now

School environment has led the reason list since 2003. Religious instruction is still common as a reason and less often the single top reason.

• 2003 federal survey, any listed reason: school environment 85.4 percent, religious or moral instruction 72.3 percent, academic dissatisfaction 68.2 percent.
• Same 2003 wave, single most important reason: environment 31.2 percent, religious or moral instruction 29.8 percent, academics 16.5 percent.
• 2012: nine in 10 homeschool parents called school environment an important reason; 83 percent of those students were White and 89 percent were above the survey’s poverty line.
• 2019 any-reason list: environment 80 percent, moral instruction 75 percent, family life 75 percent, academics 73 percent.
• 2022–23 any-reason list: environment 83 percent, moral instruction 75 percent, family life 72 percent, academics 72 percent, religious instruction 53 percent, a nontraditional approach 50 percent.
• The 2022–23 single most important reason was still environment, now 28 percent, a few points above the 2019 reading on the same item.
• Health and special-needs reasons remain smaller but not rare: a physical or mental health problem lasting six months or more was a reason for 15 percent of 2022–23 homeschool parents; other special needs the school would not meet, 21 percent; temporary illness alone, 2 percent.
• Environment has led the “most important” list across two decades.

How Long Students Stay in Homeschool

Most people who ever homeschool do not stay for all of K–12.

• Among U.S. adults who were ever homeschooled, about 36 percent did it for only one or two years, and those short-stay adults averaged more than 8 later years in traditional public school plus about 3 in charter or private school.
• Fewer than 20 percent of ever-homeschooled adults did all of K–12 at home; a later split puts all-years homeschoolers at 17 percent.
• 20 percent of ever-homeschooled adults were homeschooled for a single year.
• 56 percent were homeschooled six years or less, under half of a 13-year span.
• At any given grade, only about 40 percent of ever-homeschooled adults were in homeschool that year; the other 60 percent were somewhere else that grade.
• 9.9 percent of ever-homeschooled adults did kindergarten at home and not first grade; 8.8 percent did the reverse.
• Nearly one-third of adults who were homeschooled in eighth grade were not homeschooled in ninth.
• A 2024 parent survey found 71 percent of current homeschool students full-time at home, with 29 percent in some other arrangement: co-op 18 percent, hybrid school 8 percent, something else 3 percent.
• Current-year headcount therefore understates how many children pass through homeschool. The stock is a few million; the flow is larger.

Recent Developments

Public funds, microschools, and hybrid programs are changing what “homeschool enrollment” means on paper.

• An April 2026 parent survey of more than 2,400 K–12 households found 88 percent of homeschooling parents using some extra support, against 44 percent of parents overall.
• In that sample, homeschool parents reported online resources 44 percent, co-ops 29 percent, an online class 27 percent, and enrollment in an online school 24 percent.
• Just over 22 percent of those homeschooling parents said they had access to public funds; another 25 percent did not know; more than half said they had none.
• Arizona’s Empowerment Scholarship Account roster hit 101,914 active students by January 2026, up from about 12,000 in 2022.
• Florida’s Personalized Education Program was serving more than 280,000 families by early 2026.
• Texas scheduled Education Freedom Accounts for fall 2026 at about $10,500 per student, with first-year volume projected near 100,000.
• A May 2026 microschool census of 1,000 programs estimated roughly 75,000 microschools and 1.5 million students; 38 percent of surveyed microschools served children legally classed as homeschoolers.
• Arkansas’s Educational Freedom Account list of microschools rose from 96 in August 2025 to 142 for 2026–27 after the accounts opened to all students.
• Hybrid and home-based programs kept colliding with childcare licensing in 2026, including a Pennsylvania cease-and-desist against a three-day homeschool hybrid that did not meet the private-school day-count test.
• Draft rules for the new federal scholarship tax credit, slated to matter in 2027, were still unpublished in mid-September 2026, with an IRS state-participation tracker listing 27 states and leaving others off.

Editor’s Choice

• About 9 million living Americans had already been homeschooled at some point as of February 2020, before the pandemic cohort arrived.
• Public schools spent an average $18,853 per pupil in the 2025 association estimate; applied to 3.408 million 2024–25 homeschoolers that is a $64 billion expenditure that never hits those budgets, and also never buys those students district services.
• Fall 2020 pulse remains the sharpest one-season move on record: household homeschooling from 5.4 percent to 11.1 percent in six months after the question excluded public virtual school.
• Black household homeschooling in that same window went from 3.3 percent to 16.1 percent.
• The federal survey and the pulse still disagree on 2022–23: about 1.8 million students and 3.4 percent versus a pulse child share near 6 percent. Both can be right for their definitions.
• Charter membership in 2024–25 (3,949,735) and the 3.408 million homeschool estimate are now the same order of magnitude.
• Record 2024–25 registry totals in a third of reporting states, plus a 21.5 percent jump in South Carolina, are what ended the forecast that homeschooling would fade after Zoom school.
• If 36 percent of ever-homeschooled adults lasted one or two years, districts that only watch October membership miss the churn.
• New Hampshire’s registry can fall while home-based education grows, because an education savings account recodes some of those students out of the homeschool tally.
• Arizona’s ESA roster grew from about 12,000 students in 2022 to 101,914 by January 2026, which will keep blurring homeschool, private, and hybrid counts in state files.

Frequently Asked Questions

Conclusion

Homeschool enrollment by year only helps if you name the source next to the year.

Need a stable official trend? Use the federal household survey. That homeschool-only rate was 1.7 percent in 1999, 3.4 percent in 2012, 2.8 percent in 2019, and 3.4 percent again in 2022–23.

Need an operational 2024–25 headcount? Use the blended estimate of 3.408 million students, with a range of 3.067 million to 3.749 million. Pulse-style shares sit near 6 percent, not the federal 3.4 percent homeschool-only figure.

Need a single year? 2007 was 1,520,000 students. 2012 was 1,773,000. 2016 was 1,690,000. 2019 was 1,457,000. 2020–21 estimates reached 3.721 million. 2021–22 fell to 3.135 million. 2022–23 federal counts sat near 1.8 million, while other cuts ran higher.

Do not average those series into one “true” total. A household rate is not a student rate. A state registry misses states with no annual notice. An education savings account can move a child out of the homeschool tally without moving the child back to a campus.

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Sources and editing

Publicly Sourced Data

This article cites state departments of education, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), U.S. Census Bureau Household Pulse surveys, and peer-reviewed research.

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We may use AI tools to sort tables or improve wording. A human reviewer checks the numbers, citations, and claims before publication.

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